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clerici vagantes
''Clerici vagantes'' or ''vagabundi'' (singular ''clericus vagans'' or ''vagabundus'') is a medieval Latin term meaning "wandering clergy" applied in early canon law to those clergy who led a wandering life either because they had no benefice or because they had deserted the church to which they had been attached.
The term refers also to wandering students, ex-students, and even professors, "moving from town to town in search of learning and still more of adventure, nominally clerks but leading often very unclerical lives".〔Charles Homer Haskins, ''Rise of Universities'', p. 111〕 They played an important role in the literary atmosphere of the so-called Renaissance of the 12th century, for the kind of fresh poetry in medieval Latin called ''goliardic poetry'', in which they satirically criticised the Medieval Church. Famous wandering scholars (''scholares vagantes''; in German ''fahrenden Schüler'') were Walter Map (ca. 11th–12th century), Hugh Primas (12th century), and the anonymous Archpoet (12th century).
== History ==
As early as the fifth and sixth centuries, measures were taken against them, such as when the Council of Chalcedon forbade ordination without appointment to a specific church, or when the Council of Valencia (524?〔Hauck, Albert, («Vagantes» ). In: Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ''New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'', vol. XII (1914)〕) threatened the ''vagantes'' with excommunication, a penalty extended in the same year by the Synod of Arles to those who gave them shelter. Nevertheless, the ''vagantes'' still flourished, and frequently aided bishops and other clergy in the discharge of their duties or became chaplains in the castles of the knights, thus making their profession a trade and interfering with the orderly conditions and ministrations of the regular clergy. In 789 Charlemagne renewed the Chalcedon injunctions, and also forbade the entertainment of any clergy who could not produce letters from their bishops. But even these measures failed, and in the ninth century several synods (such as those of Mainz in 847 and Pavia in 845–850) sought to check the ''vagantes'' and their efforts to take possession of benefices already conferred on others, and such prelates as Agobard of Lyon, in his ''De privilegio et jure sacerdotii'', also opposed them. In the twelfth century Gerhoh of Reichersberg again complained about them in his ''Liber de simonia'', but matters became far worse in the following century, when the Synods of Mainz (1261), Aschaffenburg (1292), Sankt Pölten (1284) and Treves (1310) declared against the ''vagantes''. In Bavaria they were expressly excluded from the king's peaces of 1244, 1281, and 1300.
The pressure against goliards ended in 1231 when, after the University of Paris strike of 1229, pope Gregory IX (himself an alumnus of the University of Paris) issued the papal bull ''Parens scientiarum'', by which, among other exemptions, he confirmed a decision of Philip Augustus to grant students immunity from lay jurisdiction.〔Charles Homer Haskins, ''Rise of Universities'', p. 23〕
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